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Classification and Clinical Pathophysiology
The type of hernia is classified by its anatomical location and the nature of the protrusion. While some are congenital (present at birth), most are acquired due to factors that increase intra-abdominal pressure, such as chronic coughing, obesity, or heavy lifting.
Inguinal Hernia: The most common form, occurring in the groin. It is subdivided into direct (acquired weakness in the inguinal floor) and indirect (congenital failure of the inguinal canal to close).
Umbilical Hernia: A protrusion at the navel, frequently seen in newborns but also acquired in adults due to abdominal strain or pregnancy.
Hiatal Hernia: Occurs when the upper part of the stomach pushes through the diaphragm into the chest cavity, often leading to severe gastroesophageal reflux.
Incisional Hernia: Develops at the site of a previous surgical scar where the abdominal muscles have not fully healed, creating a permanent structural vulnerability.




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